soviet political commissar

[19] Stalin had a political need for popular wartime leaders, however, and Voroshilov remained as an important figurehead. [2] Chiang Ching-kuo then arrested Sun Li-jen, charging him of conspiring with the American CIA of plotting to overthrow Chiang Kaishek and the Kuomintang, Sun was placed under house arrest in 1955.[3][4]. [11] These commanders themselves turned out not to be able to carry out such operations in practice. This must be taken into account to understand why Stalin treated him critically and not invited him at all our conversations. At least at private ones. Earlier, in 1924, the RVSs were renamed as Military Councils, such high-level political officers were known as ChVS (Chlen Voennogo Soveta, Member of the Military Council), they were abolished in 1934. The position of political commissar (Chinese: 政治委员, 政委) also exists in the People's Liberation Army of China. It instructed the Wehrmacht that any Soviet political commissar identified among captured troops be summarily executed as a purported enforcer of the " Judeo-Bolshevism " ideology in military forces. Voroshilov served as a member of the Central Committee from his election in 1921 until 1961. the head of any of the major governmental divisions of the U.S.S.R.: called minister since 1946. an official in any communist government whose duties include political indoctrination, detection of political … Following the German invasion in June 1941, he was recalled and appointed to the State Defense Committee. Two towns were also named after him: Voroshilovgrad in Ukraine (now changed back to the historical Luhansk) and Voroshilov in the Soviet Far East (now renamed Ussuriysk after the Ussuri river), as well as the General Staff Academy in Moscow. Working alongside military commander Andrei Zhdanov as German advances threatened to cut off Leningrad, he displayed considerable personal bravery in defiance of heavy shelling at Ivanovskoye; at one point he rallied retreating troops and personally led a counter-attack against German tanks armed only with a pistol. [17], After the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, Voroshilov became commander of the short-lived Northwestern Direction (July to August 1941), controlling several fronts. Despite a French Republican origin, the political commissar usually is associated historically with the Soviet Union (1917–91), where the Russian Provisional Government of 1917 introduced them to the military forces to ensure the government’s political control. The Commissar Vanishes has been hailed as a brilliant, indispensable record of an era. In the Soviet military, trained political officers were assigned down to the company level to inculcate Marxist-Leninist dogma, and they were also trained In a 1982 journal article Compre online Commissar Order, de Cirino, Zheng na Amazon. They had no direct influence on combat decisions as had the political commissar in the Soviet Army. Despite a French Republican origin, the political commissar usually is associated historically with the Soviet Union (1917–91), where the Russian Provisional Government of 1917 introduced them to the military forces to ensure the government’s political control. Voroshilov was awarded a second medal of Hero of the Soviet Union 1968. The commissar had an influential role as a "second commander" within the military units during this time. [18] However, the style of counterattack he launched had long since been abandoned by strategists and drew mostly contempt from his military colleagues;[13] he failed to prevent the Germans from surrounding Leningrad and he was dismissed from his post and replaced by the far abler Georgy Zhukov on 8 September 1941. The officers, called NS Führungsoffizier (NSFO), drawn from convinced officers and selected by the Nazi Party Chancellor Martin Bormann were to instil ideological conviction and reinforce combat morale through training lessons and teaching. Political commissar is similar to these topics: Civilian control of the military, Armed Forces of Ecuador, Corporatism and more. Its official name was Guidelines for the Treatment of Political Commissars (Richtlinien für die Behandlung politischer Kommissare). At the outbreak of World War II, Voroshilov was held responsible for Soviet failures in Finland during the Winter War and was replaced as Defense Commissar by Semyon Timoshenko. Voroshilov headed the Petrograd Police during 1917 and 1918. "Communists and the Red Cavalry: The Political Education of the Konarmiia in the Russian Civil War, 1918–20", CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, People's Commissar for Defense of the Soviet Union, People's Commissar for Military and Navy Affairs, Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Jubilee Medal "XX Years of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army", Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945", Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow", Jubilee Medal "30 Years of the Soviet Army and Navy", Jubilee Medal "40 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR", Jubilee Medal "50 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR", Jubilee Medal "Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945", Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War, Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union, Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union, Stalin's Peasants: Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village after Collectivization, Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s, "Ворошилов, Климент Ефремович - это... Что такое Ворошилов, Климент Ефремович? His job was to ensure that the regular soldiers and officers followed the orders of the Party leadership in Moscow, basically a tool for the Communist Party to limit the military's independence (the NKVD having similar oversight of the Party and Military). Chiang Ching-kuo, appointed as Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party) director of Secret Police in 1950, was educated in the Soviet Union, and initiated Soviet style military organization in the Republic of China Military, reorganizing and Sovietizing the political officer corps, surveillance, and Kuomintang party activities were propagated throughout the military. The political commissar held military rank equaling that of the unit commander to whom he was attached; moreover, the commissar also had the military authority to countermand the unit … The political representative of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in the Soviet Army. Nikita Khrushchev said it was the only time he ever witnessed such an outburst. Translations commissar (plural commissars) An official of the Communist Party, often attached to a military unit, who was responsible for political education. On 15 March 1953, Voroshilov was approved as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (i.e., the head of state) with Nikita Khrushchev as First Secretary of the Communist Party and Georgy Malenkov as Premier of the Soviet Union. When this proved less-than-effective, in 1942 the political officer was more firmly subordinated to commanding officers: the commissars' work was refocused to non-direct-command (unless otherwise needed) and morale-related functions. An early kind of political commissars arose already during the February Revolution 1917 as the Ispolkom issued the controversial Order no 1. Despite a French Republican origin, the political commissar usually is associated historically with the Soviet Union (1917–91), where the Russian Provisional Government of 1917 introduced them to the military forces to ensure the government’s political control. Frunze was urged by a group of Stalin's hand-picked doctors to have surgery to treat an old stomach ulcer, despite previous doctors' recommendations to avoid surgery and Frunze's own unwillingness. Political commissar [політичний комісар; politychnyi komisar ]. [11] However he also pointed out issues in the Red Army as a whole in his full report. [8] Voroshilov became a full member of the newly formed Politburo in 1926, remaining a member until 1960. Red Army, Soviet army created by the Communist government after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. So where does one find information on political officers as used throughout the entire history of the Soviet … They met while both exiled in Arkhangelsk, where Ekaterina was sent in 1906. He was clean, yes. [14] When the leadership gathered at Stalin's dacha at Kuntsevo, Stalin shouted at Voroshilov for the losses; Voroshilov replied in kind, blaming the failure on Stalin for eliminating the Red Army's best generals in his purges. [3] During his school years, Voroshilov became a close friend and almost a member of the family of Semyon Ryzhkov,[4] who later became the second secretary of the First Duma. After the war, Voroshilov oversaw the establishment of a socialist regime in Hungary. In July 1941, consequent to the Red Army’s defeats at war’s start, the position of political commissar reappeared. 2. The Commissar Order (German : Kommissarbefehl) was a written order given by the German High Command (OKW) on 6 June 1941, prior to the beginning of Operation Barbarossa (German invasion of the Soviet Union). The Commissar Order (German: Kommissarbefehl) was an order issued by the German High Command on 6 June 1941 before Operation Barbarossa.Its official name was Guidelines for the Treatment of Political Commissars (Richtlinien für die Behandlung politischer Kommissare).It instructed the Wehrmacht that any Soviet political commissar identified among captured troops be summarily … [2] According to the Soviet Major General Petro Grigorenko, Voroshilov himself alluded to the heritage of his birth-country, Ukraine, and to the previous family name of Voroshilo. On 10 May 1937 the political commissar was re-instated to the Red Army, and Military Councils were created. In the morning he put on his military uniform, and after calling a car, he went to the hospital himself, fully decorated. As Political Commissar … In the Red Army and the Soviet Army, the political commissar existed, by name, only during 1918–1924, 1937-40, and 1941–42 periods; not every Red Army political officer was a commissar. Voroshilov, Malenkov, and Khrushchev brought about the 26 June 1953 arrest of Lavrenty Beria after Stalin's death. [citation needed] In October 1961, his political defeat was complete at the 22nd party congress when he was excluded from election to the Central Committee. Commissar (or sometimes Kommissar) is an English transliteration of the Russian комиссáр (komissar), which means "commissary". The Communist Party of the Soviet Union considered its political officers — known informally in the West as “commissars” — to fill an essential role within military units and aboard warships. [9] Voroshilov personally signed 185 documented execution lists, fourth among the Soviet leadership after Molotov, Stalin and Kaganovich. In the correct amount it increased the physical and mental capacities. Today the political commissar is largely responsible for administrative tasks such as public relations and counseling, and mainly serves as second-in-command. In 1926, he became a full member of the Politburo. The Commissar Vanishes offers a unique and chilling look at how one man--Joseph Stalin--manipulated the science of photography to advance his own political career and erase the memory of his victims. The political commissar system in the Soviet Union was first developed by the Provisional Government in 1917.123 The Bolsheviks invented this dual-command system as a mechanism to ensure Communist Party control over the military. However in this period he advocated Stalin very actively, supported him in everything, though not entirely sure in everything. [11] Voroshilov and Kulik turned out to be unable to put these reforms into practice. An official of the Communist Party in charge of political indoctrination and the enforcement of party loyalty. These were almost invariably tasked to make sure the communist partyof the respective country could count on the loyalty of the Army. The political commissar held military rank equaling that of the unit commander to whom he was attached; moreover, the commissar also had the military authority to countermand the unit commander’s orders when … [11] He praised the army's combined arms warfare capabilities as well as the high quality and ability to take initiative of the officers during the 1936 summer manoeuvers. His family proposed to call an ambulance immediately, but he adamantly refused. In the Red Army and the Soviet Army, the political commissar existed, by name, only during 1918–1924, 1937–40, and 1941–42 periods; not every Red Army political officer was a commissar. 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